Toilet facilities and student toilet-using behavior in rural primary schools / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the current situation of toilet facilities among rural primary schools and toilet-using behavior among primary students,and to provide a reference for improving school environment.@*Methods@#Totally 149 students in 2 rural non-boarding primary schools in northern China were selected. and on-site observation and questionnaire survey were used to obtain the current situation of toilet hygiene, toilet time and toilet behavior, as well as feelings towards school toilet. The results of the survey were statistically analyzed by using SAS 9.4.@*Methods@#Both two schools were deep pit latrine, the number of pit in female toilets is lower than the requirements of the “Code for design of school”, and the urinal trough and the number of pit in male toilet meet the standard requirements. The average total time of toilet-using was (28.46±11.72)s for boys and (42.48±15.52)s for girls, the difference was of significant difference (t=-7.96, P<0.01). The average actual time of toilet-using is (24.27±9.13)s for boys and (24.69±9.40)s for girls, with no statistical difference. The result showed that school 2 was better than school 1 in the behavior of urinating frequency in toilet, queuing when using toilet, and the way to express needs of toilet-using in class(χ2=11.70,27.19,17.74,P<0.05); senior students use less toilets than lower grade students. The main complains for students in school toilet hygiene is its bad smell(χ2=5.28，13.18，P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Primary school students in northern China always take bathroom breaks in the morning, and the average time of toilet-using is different from that of adults. Senior students are more willing to express their toilet needs than lower grade students. Students are not satisfied with the hygiene of school toilets, and the toilet experience is poor.

Survey of protection level of radiation equipment room in thirty-three medical units in East China / 医学研究生学报

Objective The rapid development of radiation equipment has put forward higher requirements for protective facil -ities.The aim of this study was to research the radiation protection status of treatment equipment room in thirty -three medical units from East China area , and to put forward corresponding countermeasures to improve the level of radiation protection . Methods The li-cense and archival of X-ray machine, CT, gamma knife, accelerator, after loading therapy machine were surveyed in the thirty-three medical units .The engine room size , wall thickness , lead equivalent of protection doors , and leakage level of equipment were detec-ted.All the data were evaluated and analyzed on the basis of the corresponding national standards . Results ①The inspection pass rates of radiation treatment equipments in the first class hospitals were afterloader (100%), X-ray apparatus(99%), gastrointestinal machine(98%), CT(98%), medical processing accelerator (98%), gamma knife(97%), DSA(94%), PET-CT(94%), ECT (90%), dental engine(84%)and molybdenum target drone (84%).The inspection pass rates of radiation treatment equipments in other class hospitals were medical processing accelerator (100%), X-ray apparatus(91%), CT(89%), gastrointestinal machine (80%), DSA(80%) and (80%) gamma knife.②The qualified rates of the leakage radiation levels of radiation therapy , diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine were 100%, 99% and 97%. Conclusion The radiation protection of treatment equipments and facilities in thirty-three medical units from East China area needs to be strengthened . We should strengthen supervision , implement the rules and regulations , strictly perform the regulation of radiation protection evalua-tion, and strengthen the training of radiation protection regulations and skills .

Effect of transducted heme oxygenase-1 protein on rat brain ischemia-reperfusion injury / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effect of transduct-ed-hemeoxygenase-1 ( HO-1 ) protein on brain ischemi-a-reperfusion ( I/R ) rat hippocampal neurons injury. Methods 11 R ( arginine residues )-fused HO-1 pro-tein was established and 50 male Mongolian gerbils were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n=10 ):I/R ( control group ) , I/R + 5 mg · kg-1 saline group ( group S ) , I/R + 5 mg · kg-1 11 R group ( group R), I/R + 5mg·kg-1 11R-HO-1 group (group H1) and I/R + 25 mg · kg-1 11 R-HO-1 group ( group H2). For I/R experiments, ischemia was induced for 5 min by occluding the common carotid arteries bilater-ally with aneurysm clips under Ketamine anesthesia. The experiment was conducted after the neurons were intraperitoneally injected with 5mg·kg-1 saline,11R , 11R-HO-1,or 25mg · kg-1 11R-HO-1 for 3 h. The rats were killed after 24h of reperfusion. Hippocampus was removed immediately for determination of cAMP level, neuronal apoptotic rate, and expression of HO-1 and Caspase-3 protein, mitochondria was observed un-der electron microscope. Results Among group C, group S and group R,there were no differences in the expressions of HO-1, Caspase-3 protein, cAMP level , neuronal apoptotic rate and mitochondria damage ( P>0. 05). Compared with group C, group S and group R, the expression of HO-1 protein was up-regulated, the expression of Caspase-3 protein was down-regula-ted, cAMP level increased, the apoptotic rate was sig-nificantly decreased and mitochondria damage de-creased in group H1 ( P < 0. 01 ) . Compared with group H1 , the expression of HO-1 protein was up-regu-lated, the expression of Caspase-3 protein was down-regulated, cAMP level increased, the apoptotic rate was significantly decreased and mitochondria damage decreased in group H2 ( P <0. 01 ) . Conclusion Transducted-HO-1 protein can attenuate brain ischemi-a-reperfusion rat hippocampal neurons injury.

Effects of transduction of heme oxygenase-1 protein on oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration-induced injury to hippocampal neurons in rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of transduction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein on oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration (OGD/R)-induced injury to hippocampal neurons in rats.Methods Plasmid 11R-HO-1 was constructed using plasmid pET-21a(+)-p53-11R (plasmid 11R) and 11R-HO-1 fusion protein was identified and collected.Hippocampal neurons obtained from newborn Wistar rats (＜ 48 h) were cultured for 7 days in vitro and then the neurons were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =171 each) using a random number table:OGD/R group,normal saline group (group NS),plasmid 11R group (11R group),300 nmol/L 11R-HO-1 group (H1 group),and 1 500 nmol/L 11R-HO-1 group (H2 group).In NS,11R,H1 and H2 groups,the neurons were incubated for 2 h with 300 nmol/L normal saline,300 nmol/L plasmid 11R,300 nmol/L 11R-HO-1 fusion protein,and 1 500 nmol/L 11R-HO-1 fusion protein,respectively,and then OGD/R was performed.The neurons were incubated in deoxygenated glucose-free DMEM medium and sealed under 5 ％ CO2-95 ％ N2 in an anaerobic chamber equilibrated to 37 ℃ for 45 min.OGD was terminated by replacement of the medium with high glucose DMEM medium and by returning the cultures to a standard incubator maintained at 37 ℃ in 5 ％ CO2-95 ％ air and the neurons were then incubated for 24 h.Immediately after OGD/R was established,the cell survival rate (by MTT assay),apoptosis rate (using TUNEL),and expression of HO-1 and caspase-3 protein (by using Western blot) were measured.Results Compared with group OGD/R,the cell survival rate was significantly increased,the apoptosis rate was decreased,the caspase-3 expression was down-regulated,HO-1 protein expression was up-regulated in H1 and H2 groups (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in NS and 11R groups (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group H1,the cell survival rate was significantly increased,the apoptosis rate was decreased,the caspase-3 expression was down-regulated,and HO-1 protein expression was up-regulated in group H2 (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Transduction of HO-1 protein can reduce OGD/R-induced injury to hippocampal neurons of rats.

Effect of heme oxygenase-1 on CDK5-ATM-P53 signal transduction pathway in rat hippocampal neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation injury / 中华麻醉学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) on cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5)-ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-P53 signal transduction pathway in rat hippocampal neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury.MethodsHippocampal neurons of newborn Wistar rats ( ＜ 48 h) were cultured for 7 days in vitro.The primary cultured neurons were randomly divided into 4 groups with 10 wells in each group:control group (group C),OGD (group D),OGD + hemin (HO-1 inducer) group (group D + H ) and OGD + hemin + zinc protoporphyrin ( HO-1 inhibitor) group ( group D + H + T).For OGD experiments,cultures were washed three times in a glucose-free balanced salt solution (BSS).They were then placed in deoxygenated glucose-free medium and sealed under 95％ N2-5％ CO2 in an anaerobic chamber equilibrated to 37°C and 100％ humidity for 45 min.OGD was terminated by replacement of stored medium and by returning the cultures to a standard incubator maintained at 37 ℃ in 95％ air-5％ CO2.The OGD model was established after the neurons were preconditioned with hemin 10 μmol/L for 24 h in group D + H.The OGD model was established after the neurons were preconditioned with hemin 10 μmol/L and zinc protoporphyrin 10 μmol/L for 24 h in group D + H + T.After 24 h of culture,the neuronal viability,apoptosis rate,and expression of HO-1 mRNA and protein,and CDK5,ATM and P53 protein were detected.ResultsCompared with group C,the expression of HO-1 mRNA,and HO-1,CDK5,ATM and P53 protein was up-regulated,the neuronal viability was significantly decreased,and the apoptosis rate was significantly increased in group D (P ＜ 0.01 ).Compared with group D,the expression of HO-1 mRNA and protein was up-regulated,the expression of CDK5,ATM and P53 protein was down-regulated,the neuronal viability was significantly increased,and the apoptosis rate was significanlly decreased in group D + H ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Compared with group D + H,the expression of HO-1 mRNA and protein was down-regulated,the expression of CDK5,ATM and P53 protein was up-regulated,the neuronal viability was significantly decreased,and the apoptosis rate was significantly increased in group D + H + T ( P ＜ 0.01 ).ConclusionHO-1 can inhibit neuronal apoptosis through blocking CDK5-ATM-P53 signal transduction pathway in rat hippocampal neurons subjected to OGD injury.

Study on the disinfection efficacy of compound disinfectant of peracetic acid / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To study the disinfection efficacy of c ompound disinfectant of peracetic acid. Methods Suspended liqu id quantitative sterilization test and metal corrosion test were carried out wit h different concentrations of disinfectant compound. Results T he killing rate of Bacillus subtilis var.niger spores e xposed to peracetic acid 500 mg*L-1 or available chlorine 300 mg*L-1 for 15 minutes was 99.94% and 97.91% respectively, while that of the spores e xpos ed to the compound disinfectant containing both of them reached 100%. The influ ence of organic substances on the bactericidal efficacy of this compound disinfe ctant was less than that on the bactericidal efficacy of the single ingredient. The corrosive effect of the compound disinfectant on the metals was milder than that of peracetic acid, but heavier than that of dichlorodimethylhydantoin. Conclusions Disinfectant efficacy of compound disinfectant increase s clearly, while metal corrosiveness decreases.